Fresh Data Delivery: Joint Sampling and Routing for Minimizing the Age of Information

Date

2025-10-23

Author

Atasayar, Adem Utku
Li, Aimin
Arl, Çarl
Uysal, Elif

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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In this paper, we extend the freshness-oriented sampling problem by incorporating controlled delay statistics through heterogeneous routing options, where the Age of Information (AoI) serves as the metric for data freshness. Our objective is to jointly optimize sampling and routing policies to minimize the long-term average AoI, where the sender can choose to forward each status update over one of the available routes, which have distinct delay statistics. This problem is an infinite-horizon Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) with an uncountable state space and a hybrid action space, consisting of discrete routing choices and continuous waiting times. We develop an efficient algorithm to solve this problem and theoretically establish that the optimal policy exhibits a threshold structure, characterized by: (i) a threshold-based monotonic handover mechanism for optimal routing, where the switching order aligns with the decreasing order of mean delays; and (ii) a multi-threshold piecewise linear waiting mechanism for optimal sampling, where the total number of thresholds is upper bounded by 2N - 1, given N selectable routes. We implement the proposed algorithm in a satellite-terrestrial integrated routing scenario, and simulation results reveal an intriguing insight: routes with higher average delay or variance can still contribute to minimizing AoI.

Subject Keywords

age of information, markov decision process, routing policy, sampling policy, threshold policy

URI

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=105022180530&origin=inward
https://hdl.handle.net/11511/117959

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Conference / Seminar