DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BORON DOPED CARBONATED HYDROXYAPATITE AND TITANIUM CARBIDE MXENE INCORPORATED CARBOXYMETHYL CHITOSAN/OXIDIZED PULLULAN HYDROGEL SCAFFOLDS

Date

2026-2-26

Author

Altunordu Sevgili, Gerçem

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Bone tissue engineering aims to develop biomimetic scaffolds that support cell proliferation and regeneration. In this study, a conductive and bioactive hydrogel scaffold was developed by combining MXene (Ti3C2) and Boron doped hydroxyapatite (BCHA). Ti₃C₂ was successfully synthesized using a bifluoride based etching method, while BCHA was produced via a nanoemulsion technique. The hydrogel matrix consisted of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), oxidized pullulan (OPul), and 10% gelatin (Gel). Composite hydrogels were characterized in terms of morphological, chemical, structural, and in vitro biological properties. Among tested formulations, the composition containing 39 wt% CMC 13 wt% OPul, and 48 wt% Gel exhibited optimal gelation (~35 s), approximately 25% degradation within the first day, and the highest structural stability by retaining ~30% integrity up to three weeks. Based on indirect cell culture studies, optimized amounts of Ti3C2 and BCHA were incorporated into the hydrogels to fabricate scaffolds. Bioactivity, swelling, and degradation analyses revealed that BCHA-containing scaffolds showed ~60% higher degradation than non-BCHA groups at day 4. Cell viability was assessed with and without Electrical Stimulation (ES). While the COPG group increased from 10% to 20% (Alamar Blue reduction) without ES, the 2.5MX/2.5BCHA-COPG group decreased from 28% to 18% without ES but increased from 28% to 36% under ES. These findings demonstrate that electrical stimulation significantly enhances cell viability in conductive and bioactive scaffolds.

Subject Keywords

MXene, Chitosan, Pullulan, Hydrogel

URI

https://hdl.handle.net/11511/119048

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Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Thesis