Date

2019-09-01

Author

Pries, Lotta-Katrin
Lage-Castellanos, Agustin
Delespaul, Philippe
Kenis, Gunter
Luykx, Jurjen J.
Lin, Bochao D.
Richards, Alexander L.
Akdede, Berna
Binbay, Tolga
ALTINYAZAR, VESİLE
Yalincetin, Berna
Gumus-Akay, Guvem
Cihan, Burçin
Soygur, Haldun
ULAŞ, HALİS
Cankurtaran, Eylem Sahin
Kaymak, Semra Ulusoy
Mihaljevic, Marina M.
Petrovic, Sanja Andric
Mirjanic, Tijana
Bernardo, Miguel
Cabrera, Bibiana
Bobes, Julio
Saiz, Pilar A.
Paz Garcia-Portilla, Maria
Sanjuan, Julio
Aguilar, Eduardo J.
Luis Santos, Jose
Jimenez-Lopez, Estela
Arrojo, Manuel
Carracedo, Angel
Lopez, Gonzalo
Gonzalez-Penas, Javier
Parellada, Mara
Maric, Nadja P.
Atbasoglu, Cem
Ucok, Alp
ALPTEKİN, KÖKSAL
SAKA, MERAM CAN
Arango, Celso
O'Donovan, Michael
Rutten, Bart P. F.
van Os, Jim
Guloksuz, Sinan
Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.
van Amelsvoort, Therese
Bruggeman, Richard
Cahnm, Wiepke
de Haan, Lieuwe
van Winkel, Ruud

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Exposures constitute a dense network of the environment: exposome. Here, we argue for embracing the exposome paradigm to investigate the sum of nongenetic "risk" and show how predictive modeling approaches can be used to construct an exposome score (ES; an aggregated score of exposures) for schizophrenia. The training dataset consisted of patients with schizophrenia and controls, whereas the independent validation dataset consisted of patients, their unaffected siblings, and controls. Binary exposures were cannabis use, hearing impairment, winter birth, bullying, and emotional, physical, and sexual abuse along with physical and emotional neglect. We applied logistic regression (LR), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and Ridge penalized classification models to the training dataset. ESs, the sum of weighted exposures based on coefficients from each model, were calculated in the validation dataset. In addition, we estimated ES based on meta-analyses and a simple sum score of exposures. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic, and Nagelkerke's R-2 were compared. The ESMeta-analyses performed the worst, whereas the sum score and the ESGNB were worse than the ESLR that performed similar to the ESLASSO and ESRIDGE. The ESLR distinguished patients from controls (odds ratio [OR] = 1.94, P < .001), patients from siblings (OR = 1.58, P < .001), and siblings from controls (OR = 1.21, P= .001). An increase in ESLR was associated with a gradient increase of schizophrenia risk. In reference to the remaining fractions, the ESLR at top 30%, 20%, and 10% of the control distribution yielded ORs of 3.72, 3.74, and 4.77, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that predictive modeling approaches can be harnessed to evaluate the exposome.

Subject Keywords

Psychiatry and Mental health

URI

https://hdl.handle.net/11511/57014

Collections

Department of Psychology, Article