Integrating The Environment In Urban Development: Good Practice In Singapore

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1998

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Leitmann, Josef

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Singapore is a highly industrialized and urbanized city-state of three million people located in Southeast Asia. The city-state is located on an island of 647 km2 , nearly half ofwhich is built-up; road infrastructure covers another 11% of the island's land mass. Singapore's economy developed rapidly, growing from a GNP per capita of $1972 in 1971 to $22,541 in 1995. During the past 30 years, the population has doubled, the urbanized area of the island has doubled, housing units trebled, and industrial land grew six-fold (Tan, 1995). This rapid growth is largely attributed to Singapore's interventionist development strategy. With the loss of the Malaysian domestic market, stagnation of the entrepot trade and withdrawal of the British military at independence in 1965, the Government focused on labor-intensive manufacturing for export. Multinationals were drawn in with investment incentives as the local private sector had little industrial experience. By the early 1970s, the city had become the regional service and refining center for the petroleum industry and a regional finance center. Gradually, capital intensive production such as the electronics industry began to replace labor-intensive manufacturing (Murray and Perera, 1996).Part of Singapore's environmental profile can be attributed to changes in its economic structure. In 1961, the natural resource-intensive and polluting sectors of food, printing and publishing, and wood products accounted for 40% of industrial employment. By 1991, these sectors had dropped to only 8% while electronics and electrical appliances had risen to 40% (Chiu, et al, 1997). However, much of Singapore's environmental success is due to its activist approaches to environmental planning and management. Singapore became a republic in 1965. Since then, it has had a stable democratic government dominated by strong leadership. The leadership has consistently been devoted to economic development planning in order to raise the standard of living of its citizens. This approach eventually included the environment as part of a strategy of improving overall quality of life. The city-state is also multi-ethnic so care has been taken to ensure that all groups benefit from economic growth and environmental quality.

Subject Keywords

Environment, Environmental planning, Environmental quality, Nature conservation, Suslainabiiity, Singapore

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http://jfa.arch.metu.edu.tr/archive/0258-5316/1998/cilt18/sayi_1_2/37-61.pdf

Journal

ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi

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Department of Architecture, Article

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Citation Formats

J. Leitmann, “Integrating The Environment In Urban Development: Good Practice In Singapore,” ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 18, no. 1-2, pp. 37–61, 1998, Accessed: 00, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://jfa.arch.metu.edu.tr/archive/0258-5316/1998/cilt18/sayi_1_2/37-61.pdf.