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Dark-centred umbels in Apiaceae: diversity, development and evolution
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Date
2023-10-01
Author
Claßen-Bockhoff, Regine
Celep, Ferhat
Ajani, Yousef
Frenken, Lisa
Reuther, Kerstin
Doğan, Musa
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The wild carrot (Daucus carota) is famous for its dark flowers in the umbel centre. Several studies have been conducted to figure out their functional significance, but the evolution of the dark centre remains an enigma. In the present paper, we consider all known apioid species with dark-centred umbels to get a deeper understanding of their biology and evolution. Based on herbaria studies, literature and field work, we reconstructed the distribution area of 10 species (7 genera, 6 clades) of Apiaceae-Apioideae. To recognize homology of the dark structures, developmental studies were conducted in Artedia squamata and Echiophora trichophylla Field studies included architecture, flower morph distribution (andromonoecy) and flowering sequence within the plants, abundancy and behaviour of umbel visitors and preliminary manipulation experiments (removal/adding of dark structures). The dark structures are not homologous to each other. In the Daucus alliance, central flowers or umbellets are conspicuous, whereas in other species dark brush-like (A. squamata) or club-shaped structures (Dicyclophora persica, Echinophora trichophylla, Tordylium aegyptiacum, T. cappadocicum) develop from a naked receptacle. Species are andromonoecious, have a modular architecture and flower in multicyclic protandrous sequence. Among the many umbel visitors, beetles were the most abundant group. Only visitors found on umbels in both flowering phases were recognized as possible pollinators. Manipulation experiments indicated that the dark structures influence the behaviour of some, but not all umbel visitors. In Echinophora trichophylla, a massive gall infection was observed. It is evident that the dark structures evolved several times in parallel. The brush- and club-shaped structures are interpreted as the results of mutations affecting umbel development. Dark umbel centres are most likely stabilized by selection due to their general adaptive function. Their appearance in an area known as a hotspot of beetle pollination gives rise to the assumption that they may act as beetle marks.
Subject Keywords
Anatolia
,
Artedia squamata
,
beetle marks
,
dark-centred umbels
,
Daucus alliance
,
Echinophora trichophylla
,
floral unit meristem
,
generalized pollination
,
homology
,
multicyclic protandry
,
mutation
,
umbel development
URI
https://hdl.handle.net/11511/107699
Journal
AoB PLANTS
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plad065
Collections
Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Article
Citation Formats
IEEE
ACM
APA
CHICAGO
MLA
BibTeX
R. Claßen-Bockhoff, F. Celep, Y. Ajani, L. Frenken, K. Reuther, and M. Doğan, “Dark-centred umbels in Apiaceae: diversity, development and evolution,”
AoB PLANTS
, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 0–0, 2023, Accessed: 00, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/11511/107699.