Dispositional optimism among American and Jordanian college students: Are Westerners really more upbeat than Easterners?

2010-01-01
Khallad, Yacoub
The present study aimed at assessing some previous research conclusions, based primarily on comparisons of North Americans and East Asians, that Westerners tend to be optimistic while Easterners tend to be pessimistic. Two samples of European American and Jordanian college students were administered a questionnaire consisting of items measuring dispositional optimism along with items pertaining to risk and self-protective behaviors (e.g., seatbelt use, vehicular speeding, smoking) and social and demographic factors (e.g., sex, socioeconomic status, religiosity). The findings uncovered dispositional optimism to be stronger for American compared to Jordanian participants. Separate analyses of optimism versus pessimism revealed that Jordanian participants were more pessimistic, but not less optimistic than their American counterparts. No significant correlations were found between dispositional optimism and sex, socioeconomic status, or religiosity. The levels of optimism displayed by Jordanians in this study are inconsistent with previous claims of an optimistic West and a pessimistic East, and suggest that self-enhancing processes may not be confined to Western or highly individualistic groups. The findings did not uncover an association between dispositional optimism and risk or self-protective behaviors. Multiple regression analyses showed cultural background and sex to be the best predictors of these behaviors. The implications of these findings are discussed. La presente etude avait pour but d'evaluer quelques conclusions de recherches passees, fondees principalement sur des comparaisons de nord-americains et d'asiatiques de l'est, indiquant que les occidentaux tendent a etre optimistes alors que les orientaux tendent a etre pessimistes. Deux echantillons d'etudiants americains-europeens et jordaniens du college ont rempli un questionnaire ayant des items mesurant l'optimisme dispositionnel avec d'autres items qui portent sur les comportements de risque et d'auto-protection (e.g., la ceinture de securite, la vitesse au volant, l'usage de tabac), sur les facteurs sociaux et demographiques (e.g., le sexe, le statut socio-economique, la religiosite). Les resultats ont indique que l'optimisme dispositionnel etait plus fort chez les americains en comparaison aux participants jordaniens. Des analyses separees de l'optimisme versus le pessimisme ont montre que les participants jordaniens n'etaient pas pessimistes mais pas moins optimistes que leurs homologues americains. Il n'y avait pas de correlations significatives entre l'optimisme dispotionnel et le sexe, le statut socio-economique et la religiosite. Les niveaux d'optimisme dispotionnel affiches par les jordaniens dans cette etude sont inconsistents avec les affirmations passees d'un occident optimiste et d'un orient pessimiste et suggerent que les processus d'auto-amelioration pourraient ne pas etre restreints aux occidentaux ou aux groupes hautement individualistes. Les resultats n'ont pas devoile une association entre l'optimise dispotionnel et les comportements de risque ou les comportements d'auto-protection. Des analyses de regression multiples ont indique que le contexte culturel et le sexe sont les meilleurs predicteurs de ces comportements. Les implications de ces resultats sont discutees.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

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Citation Formats
Y. Khallad, “Dispositional optimism among American and Jordanian college students: Are Westerners really more upbeat than Easterners?,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, pp. 56–63, 2010, Accessed: 00, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/11511/64037.