A critical review on biochar-assisted free radicals mediated redox reactions influencing transformation of potentially toxic metals: Occurrence, formation, and environmental applications

Date

2022-12-01

Author

Rashid, Muhammad Saqib
Liu, Guijian
Yousaf, Balal
Hamid, Yasir
Rehman, Abdul
Arif, Muhammad
Ahmed, Rafay
Ashraf, Aniqa
Song, Yu

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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Potentially toxic metals have become a viable threat to the ecosystem due to their carcinogenic nature. Biochar has gained substantial interest due to its redox-mediated processes and redox-active metals. Biochar has the capacity to directly adsorb the pollutants from contaminated environments through several mechanisms such as coprecipitation, complexation, ion exchange, and electrostatic interaction. Biochar's electron-mediating poten-tial may be influenced by the cyclic transition of surface moieties and conjugated carbon structures. Thus, py-rolysis configuration, biomass material, retention time, oxygen flow, and heating time also affect biochar's redox properties. Generally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) exist as free radicals (FRs) in radical and non-radical forms, i.e., hydroxyl radical, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen. Heavy metals are involved in the production of FRs during redox-mediated reactions, which may contribute to ROS formation. This review aims to critically evaluate the redox-mediated characteristics of biochar produced from various biomass feed-stocks under different pyrolysis conditions. In addition, we assessed the impact of biochar-assisted FRs redox-mediated processes on heavy metal immobilization and mobility. We also revealed new insights into the func-tion of FRs in biochar and its potential uses for environment-friendly remediation and reducing the dependency on fossil-based materials, utilizing local residual biomass as a raw material in terms of sustainability.

Subject Keywords

Biochar, Free radicals, Heavy metals, Toxicity, Environmental fate, PERSISTENT FREE-RADICALS, HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE ACTIVATION, ZERO-VALENT IRON, CONTAMINATED SOIL, HEAVY-METALS, RICE STRAW, ELECTRON-DONOR, CARBON BIOCHAR, REMEDIATION, NICKEL

URI

https://hdl.handle.net/11511/102448

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120335

Collections

Department of Environmental Engineering, Article

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Citation Formats

M. S. Rashid et al., “A critical review on biochar-assisted free radicals mediated redox reactions influencing transformation of potentially toxic metals: Occurrence, formation, and environmental applications,” ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, vol. 315, pp. 0–0, 2022, Accessed: 00, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/11511/102448.