Applications

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2014-01-01

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Gurel, Levent
Ergül, Özgür Salih

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Mineralization of hydrogels, desirable for bone regeneration applications, may be achieved enzymatically by incorporation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ALP-loaded gellan gum (GG) hydrogels were mineralized by incubation in mineralization media containing calcium and/or magnesium glycerophosphate (CaGP, MgGP). Mineralization media with CaGP:MgGP concentrations 0.1:0, 0.075:0.025, 0.05:0.05, 0.025:0.075 and 0:0.1 (all values mol dm-3 , denoted as A, B, C, D and E, respectively) were compared. Mineral formation was confirmed by IR and Raman, SEM, ICP-OES, XRD, TEM, SAED, TGA and increases in the the mass fraction of the hydrogel not consisting of water. Ca was incorporated into mineral to a greater extent than Mg in samples mineralized in media A-D. Mg content and amorphicity of mineral formed increased in the order A < B < C < D. Mineral formed in media A and B was calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA). Mineral formed in medium C was a combination of CDHA and an amorphous phase. Mineral formed in medium D was an amorphous phase. Mineral formed in medium E was a combination of crystalline and amorphous MgP. Young’s modulus and storage modulus decreased in dependence of mineralization medium in the order A > B > C > D, but were significantly higher for samples mineralized in medium E. Attachment and vitality of osteoblastic MC3T3- E1 cells were higher on samples mineralized in media B-E, containing Mg, than in those mineralized in medium A, not containing Mg. Hence, mineral composition, mechanical and biological properties of enzymatically mineralized hydrogels can be adjusted by varying the mineralization medium.

URI

https://hdl.handle.net/11511/47169

Journal

MULTILEVEL FAST MULTIPOLE ALGORITHM (MLFMA) FOR SOLVING LARGE-SCALE COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS PROBLEMS

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1002/term.1875

Collections

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Article

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Citation Formats

L. Gurel and Ö. S. Ergül, “Applications,” MULTILEVEL FAST MULTIPOLE ALGORITHM (MLFMA) FOR SOLVING LARGE-SCALE COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS PROBLEMS, pp. 369–410, 2014, Accessed: 00, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/11511/47169.