Efficient implementation of lattice-based schemes

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2020-10-14

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Bilgin, Yusuf Alper

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Quantum computing and quantum computers have been discussed for almost three decades. However, they remain mainly in theory. Almost all big companies like Google, IBM, and Microsoft have put their effort to build the most scalable quantum computers in recent years. These computers can change the game in cryptography since the known hard problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithms can be broken with a large-scale quantum computer. These computers would seriously jeopardize the confidentiality and integrity of all digital communications. The question of when large-scale quantum computers will be built is still an open question. There are some educated predictions that sufficiently large quantum computers will be built to break all public-key schemes currently in use within the next ten or so years. That is why the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has announced a standardization process in 2016 to prepare our information security systems to be able to resist in quantum computing. The first two rounds of this process have been completed, and there are seven on-going candidates and eight alternate candidates. Among these 15 schemes, seven of them are based on lattices. In this thesis, we study the efficient implementation of lattice-based schemes. We first propose an efficient and compact variant of NEWHOPE, one of the most efficient second-round candidates of the NIST post-quantum standardization project. The proposed algorithm NEWHOPE-COMPACT heavily uses recent advances on Number vii Theoretic Transform (NTT), so that transformation from one polynomial to another is easy. To make it possible, we changed the definition of a component in componentwise multiplication during polynomial multiplication and show that changing the security level only requires to change the size of the polynomial and the definition of a component. Then, we present various optimizations for lattice-based KEMs using the NTT on the popular ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller. Improvements come in the form of a faster code using more efficient modular reductions, optimized small-degree polynomial multiplications, and more aggressive layer merging in the NTT, but also in the form of reduced stack usage. We test our optimizations in software implementations of KYBER, one of the round three candidates in the NIST post-quantum project, NEWHOPE, and NEWHOPE-COMPACT.

Subject Keywords

Post-quantum cryptography, Lattice-based cryptography, Key encapsulation mechanism, Number theoretic transform, NTT, KEM, RLWE, MLWE, ARM Cortex-M4, KYBER, NEWHOPE, NEWHOPE-COMPACT

URI

https://hdl.handle.net/11511/69148

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Graduate School of Applied Mathematics, Thesis

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Citation Formats

Y. A. Bilgin, “Efficient implementation of lattice-based schemes,” Ph.D. - Doctoral Program, Middle East Technical University, 2020.