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Inhalation and dermal exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated carcinogenic risks in a relatively small city
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Date
2014-10-01
Author
GÜNGÖRMÜŞ, ELİF
Tuncel, Semra
TECER, LOKMAN HAKAN
SOFUOĞLU, SAİT CEMİL
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The aim of this study was to conduct a carcinogenic risk assessment for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via routes of inhalation and dermal contact. Concentrations of 19 PAM species were determined during a heating period at a site in the city of Balikesir, Turkey. Two questionnaires were administered to a sample of inhabitants to determine time-activity budgets and demographic information. The assessment was conducted for each participant and Balikesir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to determine the population exposure-risk probability distributions. The estimates were based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) total PAM concentrations calculated using toxic equivalency factors. The mean and median BaPeq concentrations of gaseous and particulate phases were 3.25 and 134, and 38.5 and 34.0 ng/m(3), respectively. Carcinogenic risk for inhalation exposure route was estimated by using two different slope factor values (3.9 and 304.5 (mg/kg-day)(-1)), recommended by two different organizations, resulting in two (order(s) of magnitude apart) population risk ranges: 1.32 x 10(-7)-2.23 x 10(-4), and 1.61 x 10(-5)-7.95 x 10(-3), respectively. The population risks associated with dermal exposure were lower compared to those of inhalation, ranging from 6.58 x 10(-9) to 2.57 x 10(-6). The proportion of the population with risks higher than the general acceptable level (1.0 x 10(-6)) was estimated as > 99 percent, for inhalation, and as 28 percent for dermal exposure route.
Subject Keywords
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
,
Pollution
,
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
,
General Medicine
URI
https://hdl.handle.net/11511/50630
Journal
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.015
Collections
Department of Chemistry, Article